Iran joined the baghdad pact in 1955, and beijing saw this as one more move in the u. Numerous treaties were established with countries around the world, especially in asia. Considerable efforts were made to extend and consolidate the baghdad pact. The name comes from the signing that too place in baghdad, iraq in 1955 and the main purpose of this. This is because the iraqi capital gave its name to a shortlived britishbacked alliance in the 1950s. The iraq war began on the 20th of march 2003 after the air force of the united states of america dropped two bombs in baghdad, iraqs capital. Baghdad pact article about baghdad pact by the free dictionary. It was formed in 1955 by iran, iraq, pakistan, turkey and the united kingdom and dissolved in 1979. The baghdad pact emerged from the 1955 iraqturkey treaty and bound those two states together with great britain, iran, and pakistan.
The question of democracy and reconciliation in iraq ga1. Whereas the friendly and brotherly relations existing between iraq and turkey are in constant progress, and in order to complement the contents of the treaty of friendship and good neighbourhood concluded. This is because the iraqi capital gave its name to. Whereas the friendly and brotherly relations existing between iraq and turkey are in constant progress, and in order to complement the contents of the treaty of friendship and good neighbourhood concluded between his. Liaquat ali khan an inspiration for pakistanis 1955 baghdad pact signed, making turkey and iraq part of a defensive alliance. University of california press and institute for palestine studies are collaborating with jstor to digitize. At the height of the cold war, the middle east, with strategic bases bordering the soviet union, vital communications links, and significant oil wealth, represented a valuable region for western interests.
The member states turkey, iraq, iran, pakistan, and. Without doubt this move will be regarded as having been taken with british concurrence, and as most serious. The struggle between egypt and iraq over arab hegemony constitutes the main theme of this study. The studys value rests upon its discussion of the baghdad pact, a significant event which was hitherto neglected, yet marked a watershed in modern arab history.
Pakistan was knitted further into a western context in 1955, when it joined the south east asian treaty organization seato and the baghdad pactcentral treaty organization cento. Pact of mutual cooperation between the kingdom of iraq, the republic of turkey, the united kingdom, the dominion of pakistan, and the kingdom of iran baghdad pact, february 24, 19551 author. In 19581959, the united states faced a situation in iraq eerily parallel to that of 2003. Britain and iran also signed the deal and were keen for pakistan to do likewise.
The united states took the initiative for the establishment of the southeast asia treaty organization seato and was more loosely associated with the baghdad pact. Afghanistan commits to remaining neutral, and not joining the baghdad pact. Media in category baghdad pact the following 2 files are in this category, out of 2 total. The pact emerged at the same time as nato and the southeast asia treaty organization seato and attempted to surround the soviet union with a series of prowestern military organizations. It is also referred to as middle east treaty organization. To print a pdf, you must first download the file and open it in a pdf viewer. The 1953 coup against mohammed mossadegh in iran has alarmed eisenhower administrati. Baghdad pact 1955 antisoviet security pact sponsored by britain and the united states the baghdad pact formally came into existence in 1955. The central treaty organization cento, originally known as the baghdad pact or the middle east treaty organization meto, was formed in 1955 by iran, iraq, pakistan, turkey and the united kingdom. Pact of mutual cooperation between the kingdom of iraq, the republic of turkey, the united kingdom, the dominion of pakistan, and the kingdom of iran baghdad pact, february 24, 1955 1 author.
The question of democracy and reconciliation in iraq is in reference to the iraq war and its consequences and the presence of isis which has lead to a civil war in iraq. Iraq eisenhower, dwight d postpresidential papers, 196169 1963 principal box 43 do 14 iraqikurdish civil war eisenhower, dwight d records as president white house central files, 195361 confidential file. Personnel series box 12 chronological file january 1954 march 18, 1954 unrwa. Henderson, was reported to emphasize the importance attached by the united states to the pact, and to have been a direct response to diplomatic. In 1955 the united states had approximately 450 bases in 36 countries.
The islamic congress almost immediately split in february 1955, when pakistan joined the baghdad pact and indian prime minister jawaharlal nehru visited cairo. Baghdad pact february 1955 treaty signed initially by iraq. An discussion of the origins and political setting of the baghdad pact part 2. Whereas the friendly and brotherly relations existing between iraq and turkey are in constant progress, and in order to complement the contents of the treaty of friendship and good neighbourhood concluded between his majesty the king of iraq and.
Egypt strongly opposed the baghdad pact, and conducted a vigorous campaign to prevent the accession of other arab countries. Baghdad pact article about baghdad pact by the free. The quest for hegemony in the arab world the struggle. Jan 07, 2020 the baghdad pact emerged from the 1955 iraqturkey treaty and bound those two states together with great britain, iran, and pakistan. Aug 22, 2011 baghdad pact, popular name for the 1955 prowestern defense alliance between turkey, iraq, iran, pakistan, and the united kingdom. Although a league of nations mandate was awarded to the uk in 1920, the 1920. Document summary secretary park reports on relations between the philippines and japan and the philippines acting foreign secretary serranos proposal to link seato, nato, and the baghdad pact. Prior to that israel had demonstrated aggressive intentions towards egypt, as the revelations connected with the lavon affair disclosed. It was founded on 23 august 1921 following the defeat of the ottoman empire in the mesopotamian campaign of world war i. Anwar sadats visit to jerusalem, 1955 harvard university. Ann whitman diary series box 7 acw diary december 1955 3 dde on the british and the baghdad pact dde diary series over the years, thousands of documents from the dde diary series have been.
The baghdad pact is also know under the more correct term of central treaty organization cento, which was the term used after iraq left in 1959. Papers in the indexed central files of the department for the years 19551957 are indicated by a decimal file number in the first footnote. There was widespread turkish criticism of president celal bayars jerusalem speech of november 1955, in which he declared that the. King hussein favoured the move, but in december 1955 the country was swept by five days of antihashemite demonstrations and riots that were quelled only by the intervention of the arab legion and the imposition of a curfew. In 1955, the turcoiraqi pact later the baghdad pact was signed as a form of mutual protection in the middle east, the main threat being perceived as from the soviets. Baghdad pact, popular name for the 1955 prowestern defense alliance between turkey, iraq, iran, pakistan, and the united kingdom. Soviet reaction to the baghdad pact, 1955 by keltik. Baghdad pact international organization cambridge core. The united states observer delegation was headed by deputy under secretary of state loy henderson.
Soviet reaction to the baghdad pact, 1955 by keltik excalibur. To keep soviet union out of the equation, since 1950s was time of decolonization and both us and ussr are trying to grab maximum number of partners in the world. The name comes from the signing that too place in baghdad, iraq in 1955. Irans nuclear ambitions from a historical perspective and. The baghdad pact february 1955 jewish virtual library. East in 1955, and this was the theme of much propaganda at the time. The baghdad pact was a defensive organization for promoting shared political, military and economic goals founded in 1955 by turkey, iraq, great britain, pakistan and iran. The collapse of the baghdad pact 195859 conclusion appendices bibliography index. The failure of the baghdad pact, as it was known, heralded the end of british influence in the middle east.
The quest for hegemony in the arab world is based on newlyreleased british, american and israeli documents, as well as on all available arab sources. The background to the formation of the baghdad pact. Jan 27, 2017 to keep soviet union out of the equation, since 1950s was time of decolonization and both us and ussr are trying to grab maximum number of partners in the world. Baghdad pact february 1955 treaty signed initially by iraq and turkey mutual from hist 123 at hudson valley community college. Similar to the north atlantic treaty organization and the southeast asia treaty organization, the main purpose of the baghdad pact was to prevent communist incursions and. As a starting point for a new alliance of arab states with a western outlook, baghdad may not be an auspicious choice. The central treaty organization cento the baghdad pact. Council the ministerial council of the baghdad pact held its second session in teheran from april 16 to 19, 1956. The central treaty organization cento, originally known as the baghdad pact or the middle east treaty organization meto, was a military alliance of the cold war. Baghdad pact central treaty organization cento the baghdad pact was a defensive organization for promoting shared political, military and economic goals founded in 1955 by turkey, iraq, great. The quest for hegemony in the arab world the struggle over. Information on khrushchev and bulganins novemberdecember 1955 trip to india, burma, and afghanistan, from the central committee of the cpsu to the central committee of the sed, january 11, 1956, history and public policy program digital archive, sapmo dy 303634. Iran joined the baghdad pact later, in october of the same year.
Buy soviet reaction to the baghdad pact, 1955 by keltik excalibur ebook online at lulu. The baghdad pact was created in 1955 by britain, iraq, turkey, iran and pakistan with the aim of strengthening regional defence and preventing the infiltration of the soviet union into the middle east. Hussein backed away from the baghdad pact, dissolved parliament, and called a general election. With the collapse of the sinosoviet relationship in the 1960s, however, and with the increasing u. Pact of mutual cooperation between the kingdom of iraq, the republic of turkey, the united kingdom, the dominion of pakistan, and the kingdom of iran. The documents in this collection reveal how this tension strained jordans relationships with its neighbors, most notably through a series of border incidents and terrorism against israel and through rioting that prevented jordans participation in the baghdad pact of 1955.
Foreign relations of the united states, 19551957, suez. Pact of mutual cooperation between the kingdom of iraq, the republic of turkey, the united kingdom, the dominion of pakistan, and the kingdom of iran baghdad pact, february 24, 1955. Us pressure and promises of military and economic aid were key in the negotiations leading to the agreement, but the united states could not initially participate. But although iran joined in october 1955, jordan, syria, and lebanon remained outside. Pakistan was knitted further into a western context in 1955, when it joined the south east asian treaty organization seato and the baghdad pact central treaty organization cento. Pakistan was member of the baghdad pact between 1955 and 1979 and a frontline state in the war in afghanistan after 1979. Baghdad pact for 1956, as maintained by the bureau of near eastern, south asian, and african affairs. Henderson, was reported to emphasize the importance attached by the united states to the pact, and to have been a direct response to diplomatic pressure from the.
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